Imaginative applies not only to modern literature (E. Give the author’s first name in any signal phrase or the author’s first initial in the parenthetical reference. Understanding power in the Near East requires “Western leaders who know when to intervene, and do so without illusions” (Kaplan, Eastward 330). Include a comma between author and title if you include both in the parentheses. Kaplan insists that understanding power in the Near East requires “Western leaders who know when to intervene, and do so without illusions” ( Eastward 330).
#MLA SIGNAL PHRASES FULL#
Give the full title if it’s brief otherwise, give a short version. If you cite multiple works by one author, include the title of the work you are citing either in the signal phrase or in parentheses. Notice that in the example above, the parenthetical reference comes after the closing quotation marks but before the period at the end of the sentence. Whether you use a signal phrase and parentheses or parentheses only, try to put the parenthetical documentation at the end of the sentence or as close as possible to the material you’ve cited - without awkwardly interrupting the sentence. Do not use punctuation between the name and the page number(s).Īdams is said to have had “the hands of a man accustomed to pruning his own trees, cutting his own hay, and splitting his own firewood” (McCullough 18). If you do not mention the author in a signal phrase, put his or her last name in parentheses along with the page number(s).
#MLA SIGNAL PHRASES MANUAL#
McCullough describes John Adams’s hands as those of someone used to manual labor (18). If you mention the author in a SIGNAL PHRASE, put only the page number(s) in parentheses. The examples illustrate the MLA style of using quotation marks around titles of short works and italicizing titles of long works. The first examples in this chapter show basic in-text documentation of a work by one author.
As you cite each source, you will need to decide whether or not to name the author in a signal phrase - “as Toni Morrison writes” - or in parentheses - “(Morrison 24).” In your text, you have three options for citing a source: QUOTING, PARAPHRASING, and SUMMARIZING.
For MLA (as well as Chicago style), the same verbs can also be used in the present tense instead of the past tense, as the second section below shows.Brief documentation in your text makes clear to your reader what you took from a source and where in the source you found the information. The examples in the first section are adapted to APA, which recommends past-tense verbs in signal phrases. In the examples below, the author being cited is Jane Doe. However, a few select signal phrases contain no verbs (e.g., "According to ,"). Often, signal phrases can be distinguished by the presence of a verb like "indicate" or "argue" that references what the author is doing in the original source. These expressions, which usually occur in the parts of sentences that come just before quotes and paraphrases, are called signal phrases (or, in some cases, lead-in phrases). It is relatively simple to use a wide variety of different expressions to introduce both direct and indirect citations.
In most citation styles, including APA, MLA, and Chicago style, you can add variety to your research writing by not always using the same sentence structure to introduce quotations, paraphrases, or pieces of information borrowed from different sources.
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